new MyObject().LongRunningMethod();

as well as this scenario: 

    MyObject o = new MyObject();    o.LongRunningMethod();

Here we’ll discuss how this could become a problem. Frankly, it’s pretty easy to cause the problem, but I think it generally involves some ugliness on the part of software design or implementation, largely involving clean-up of fields when the instance is finalized. 

Don’t Try This at Home

I don’t think it’s likely you’ll see a lot of code that does this, but here’s one way to run afoul of your object going way: export a reference to a field that the object cleans up when it’s finalized. You can export the reference, say, by making that field visible through a property. Exposing a field that you’re going to clean up in the finalizer would be an easy way to create a coupling between your object and other (arbitrary) client code that has no knowledge of your object’s life span. 

Call Stack Antics

Another way to invoke the potential problem is to lose your “this” reference on the call stack. The code below manages to lose the “this” reference by passing a field to the helper method rather than allowing the helper to access the field directly via its own “this” reference. When the helper tries to access fs.Length an ObjectDisposedException is thrown. 

Why does this throw? Well, the last live reference to the instance was lost when LongRunningMethod passed _input to Helper. Essentially we’ve again exported the field value from the instance and no longer hold a reference to the instance, allowing the GC to finalize it. Helper is left holding a reference to an object that has been finalized. 

Note: Again, you will not see this behavior in a debug build. When running code marked as “debug” the JITter extends the lifetime of the local object to the end of the method. So you will not see this effect if you’ve compiled with the /debug flag. 

    using System;    using System.IO;

    // Ugliness ensues.
    sealed class MyUglyObject
    {
        public MyUglyObject(string inputPath)
        {
            // Real production code would likely not delete the file when done...
            // ...but this is a sample app.
            _input = new FileStream(Path.GetTempFileName(), FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
        }

        ~MyUglyObject()
        {
            if (_input != null)
            {
                _input.Close();
                _input = null;
            }
        }

        public void LongRunningMethod()
        {
            Helper(_input); // Our last reference to 'this' (implicit).
        }

        private void Helper(FileStream fs)
        {
            // A long-running method can easily experience a garbage collection
            // before returning. This one happens for force it to occur.
            GC.Collect();
            GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();

            // Ka-boom!
            long inputSize = fs.Length;
            // ...
        }

        private FileStream _input;
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            new MyUglyObject(@"....readme.txt").LongRunningMethod();
        }
    }

Can You See It?

As you can see above it takes a bit of effort to cause the code to blow up. If Helper had used _input.Length instead of taking a parameter the problem would not exist. 

But, what I find a bit creepy about the above code is that if Helper were a static method it would seem respectable: 

    private static void Helper(FileStream fs)
    {
        // A long-running method can easily experience a garbage collection
        // before returning. This one happens for force it to occur.
        GC.Collect();
        GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();

        // Ka-boom!
        long inputSize = fs.Length;
        // ...
    }

At first glance it now looks like helper is a normal static helper function, as is likely seen in code bases across the world. It doesn’t need a “this” reference, it takes a reference to the object it uses, everything appears fine on the surface. Would you see the “this” reference being lost by the code calling Helper in a code review? I’m not so sure I would have until recently. 

There’s a regular idiom in C# in which we call a method on an object instance that we’ve created inline:

    new MyObject().LongRunningMethod();

There assumption may be an assumption that the lifetime of this instance of MyObject extends at least until LongRunningMethod returns, but this isn’t necessarily true. This same assumption is often made about local references to objects:

    MyObject o = new MyObject();    o.LongRunningMethod();

However, in both these cases the object instance may be collected before LongRunningMethod returns.

Does this really happen?

Yes, it can and does. The code below exercises this behavior. When you run it you will see the following output, indicating that the object was collected and finalized before LongRunningMethod returns:

    Using release build
    Inline
    Entering MyObject1.LongRunningMethod().
    Finalizing in ~MyObject1().
    Returning from MyObject1.LongRunningMethod().     Local reference
    Entering MyObject1.LongRunningMethod().
    Finalizing in ~MyObject1().
    Returning from MyObject1.LongRunningMethod().Note: You will not see this behavior in a debug build. When running code marked as “debug” the JITter extends the lifetime of the local object to the end of the method. So you will not see this effect if you’ve compiled with the /debug flag.

Note also that this article also assumes we’re using CLR 2.0. Future versions could obviously behavior differently.

Here’s the code. Just drop it into test.cs, run csc test.cs, and execute test.exe.

    using System;

    sealed class MyObject
    {
        ~MyObject()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Finalizing in ~MyObject1().");
        }

        public void LongRunningMethod()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Entering MyObject1.LongRunningMethod().");

            // A long-running method can easily experience a garbage collection
            // before returning. This one happens for force it to occur.
            GC.Collect();
            GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();

            Console.WriteLine("Returning from MyObject1.LongRunningMethod().");
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
    #if DEBUG
            string build = "debug";
    #else
            string build = "release";
    #endif
            Console.WriteLine("Using {0} build", build);

            // Try it both ways.

            Console.WriteLine("Inline");
            new MyObject().LongRunningMethod();

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("Local reference");
            MyObject o = new MyObject();
            o.LongRunningMethod();
        }
    }

Is this a problem?

Generally, I’d say it’s not a problem. Once it has begun execution, LongRunningMethod doesn’t need the original object reference unless it’s making reference to that instance. In that case the GC won’t be able to collect the object.

I’ll discuss how to make it a problem in Part 2 of this article.